Functioning of batteries (Essay) - 275 Words

Functioning of batteries. Chemical energy to electrical energy (Essay Sample) Content: Functioning of batteries(Name)(Course)(Institution)(Tutor)(Date)BatteriesChemical energy to electrical energyGeneral overviewBatteries are devices that are made of one or more electrochemical cells. The cells carry out the function of converting stored chemical energy into electrical energy. In an overview, a battery has two terminals, a positive and a negative terminal. The positive terminal is referred to as cathode while the negative terminal is referred to as anode. Electrolytes are responsible for current flow. They create a medium of ion transfer between the electrodes and the terminals. This allows the current to flow outside the battery in order to carry out the intended chore (Linden on the other hand, voltage is defined as the amount of current present in a circuit and flows within that circuit in a given period (Kang & Ceder, 2009: 12).The anode is separated from the cathode by the electrolyte. The electrolyte allows the flow of current between the two. Wh en the batteries are put in a complete circuit, there is a chemical reaction emitted as an end reaction on the electrodes. The chemical energy develops a flow of electrical energy to the device completing the circuit. During this activity, the battery undergoes a discharge function. The chemical reacting on the anode phase generate electrons that are developed on the cathode and forms ions in the electrolyte (David & Thomas, 2004: 17).This process is referred to as oxidation reaction. On the other side, the cathode accepts electrons marking the completion of the circuit for electrons flow. The electrode acts as a unitary module for the chemicals from the anode and cathode. The reaction obtained is conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy. The reactions happen simultaneously. During the reactions, ions transport current via the electrolyte while electrons flow in the external circuit. This process leads to electric current generation (David & Thomas, 2004: 17).For disposabl e batteries, the reaction will take place until the reactants making the cell are consumed to exhaustion. In such batteries, the reaction only flow in one direction. For rechargeable batteries, the reaction runs in two directions. Energy can be changed from chemical form to electrical form and vice versa (Rich, 1994: 32).Compare and contrast the following battery technologies: Carbon-zincLead-acidAlkaline (a) carbon-zincA zinc-carbon battery is a battery that is made in a zinc can that serves as the outer container and negative terminal. The positive terminal is made of a carbon rod. The rod is covered by manganese dioxide and carbon powder mixture. The electrolyte used is a mixture of chloride and ammonium chloride dissolved in water. Zinc-chloride batteries belong to the group of primary batteries. They are also dry cells. They have a low energy density....

Should Cigarette Smoking Be Harmful - 943 Words

Smoking is growing popular for both the old and the young; it’s a habit which is very unhealthy that increases person chances of lung damage. The smoke from the cigarette enhances the possibility of damaging everybody lungs around you that is called second hand smoke, which kill more people a year than the actual cigarette smoking. While cigarette smoking is harmful to your health, the E-cigarettes have little to no harm on the changes of developing lung cancer or other health issues. Smoking cigarettes has a long lasting effect on the environment the smell can gets into clothing, air vent and other house furnish. However, when smoking E-cigarettes, the only thing which comes out is a vapor mist, which has no smell and do not stay on or in the room that the person is in. The price for buying cigarette is outages compared to the price of buying E-cigarette. On average the price of buying packets of cigarette is much higher than buying one cartridge of E-cigarettes, it take over four pack of cigarette just to add up to one refill. So if the habit is too hard to change then cigarettes are not the right answer smoking E- cigarette would be the best solution. What to Choose to Smoke? It is clear that cigarette companies is a global marketing industry, it lure people of all ages to spend their last in order to have the life sucked out of them with lifelong illnesses. But if you choose to smoke cigarette then choose E-Cigarettes over tobacco cigarettes. There are moreShow MoreRelatedShould Cigarette Smoking Be Banned?1365 Words   |  6 PagesShould Cigarette Smoking be banned? The United States Surgeon General’s report stated that cigarette smoking is the major single cause of cancer death in the United States. This statement is so true today. Smoking a cigarette is an acquired behavior and that makes it the most preventable cause of death in our society. Cigarettes contain nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide, as well as formaldehyde, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, arsenic, and DDT. The main ingredient in cigarettes is tobacco. The nicotineRead MoreShould Cigarette Smoking Be Banned?1376 Words   |  6 PagesSurgeon General’s report stated that cigarette smoking is the major single cause of cancer death in the United States. This statement is so true today. Smoking a cigarette is an acquired behavior and that makes it the most preventable cause of death in our society. Cigarettes contain nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide, as well as formaldehyde, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, arsenic, and DDT. The main ingredient in cigarettes is tobacco. The ni cotine in cigarettes is very addictive and when smoke containingRead MoreThe Dangers Of Public Smoking932 Words   |  4 PagesPublic smoking is being allowed to smoke in places that involve the community. Some places have smoking bans because of the problems it can cause. I think people should not be able to smoke in public places because it affects other people’s health, it pollutes the earth, it could have a bad influence on people, and it has an unpleasant smell. Cigarettes does not only affect the person smoking, it can affect the people around them also. Cigarettes contain a lot of chemicals that are harmful to humans:Read MoreBans on Smoking in Public Areas1476 Words   |  6 Pagesnumber by four, you get the number of people that die because of smoking each year! Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the U.S. Each year more than 480,000 people die because of smoking. This is just one of the many reasons why I believe that cigarette smoking should be banned in public areas. I will argue this point in three ways. First, I will argue that the health effects of smoking are so harmful that cigarettes should not be allowed in public areas. Next, I will argue that the negativeRead MoreShould E-Cigarettes Be Restricted in Public Areas? Essay1598 Words   |  7 PagesShould E-Cigarettes Be Restricted In Public Areas? E-cigarettes have heating elements that are battery operated and hold cartridges of nicotine and other liquids and flavoring. They were produced to assist those who are trying to quit smoking or reduce the amount of nicotine that is actually inhaled in the body to make it a safer product for the consumer than actually smoking a cigarette. 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However, scientist research in health and environment, that researches show that smoking cause many diseases, even lung cancer. An aim of my study has been to determine that smoking also effect on family and society. Results indicatedRead MoreSmoking Life Away: The Harmful Effects of Smoking Cigarettes1403 Words   |  6 PagesSmoking Life Away Smoke travels far. After the smoke is released, it diffuses and travels in the atmosphere reaching just about anything at a reasonable distance. When one smoker puffs out, it affects that person, somebody across from that person, and the clean air around that person. Ever wonder why warnings and disclaimers are always present with anything that concerns smoking? This is because it is dangerous, and it is harmful , and it should warn you about the lasting impact it leaves youRead MoreAmerica s Vaping Revolution : How Suspicious Should We Really Be Of The E Cigarette Craze941 Words   |  4 Pagesas e-cigarettes. For that I have chosen an article called America’s vaping revolution: How suspicious should we really be of the e-cigarette craze by Noah Charney posted on Sunday, Dec 7th, 2014. This article is about what e-cigarettes are, where they came from and their uses and effects that they can cause. I’m choosing this article because vaping (smoking E-cigarettes) is s omething that not a lot of people understand. Some people believe it is bad for you and that it won’t help stop smoking and

Analysis Of The Book The Batman - 1127 Words

Arthur Cotterell, author of The Illustrated A-Z Classic Mythology: The Legends of Ancient Greece, Rome, and the Norse and Celtic Worlds, described Loki by saying, â€Å"He was a mischief-maker, trickster, and shape-changer, and grew progressively more evil until the coming of Ragnarok, the end of the world.† Loki is only one of the many Norse gods and goddess, but he is the only one described as a trickster or evil god. In many cultures the mythologies often depict how actual people acted. Throughout history we can see different and similar gods and goddess or heroes and villains in the culture. Loki, god of fire and trickster, and the Joker, from The Dark Knight version 2008 movie, are very similar in the way they act and how it reflects in†¦show more content†¦May call Loki a trickster because he would trick people into doing things that they would not usually do, just to have fun or to get something out of it. However, Loki could be very loyal, though usually to on ly Thor, because after leading Thor into a trap, Loki stood with Thor in the end. Loki was married twice, first to the giant Angrboda and then to Sigyn. Loki and Sigyn had two sons: Vali and Narvi. Loki also had three kids with Angrboda; Fenrir, a wolf, Jormungand, a serpent, and Hel, ruler of the Germanic netherworld. So we can could say that is was natural for men of the Scandinavian culture to have multiple wives and kids. After Loki killed Balder, the â€Å"bleeding god,† Balder’s brother, Vali, bound Loki to a rock with a venomous snake dripping venom on him. However, his wife Sigyn sat beside him and would catch the venom in a bowl, so it not to hit Loki and hurt him. From what we read, we could conclude that most wives of the Scandinavian culture stayed with their husbands no matter what would happen and that they were dedicated to keeping their husbands satisfied. In order for Loki to be a trickster, he must have great intelligence to convince people or gods to do want he wants, to get want he wants in the end. Loki was smart when he said that he would trade his brother for his life because he knew that Thor could beat or kill them all with no problem. Since Loki was so intelligent, we can assume that there were people in the

Possibly Due Medalin Benefitting Economies -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Possibly Due Medalin Benefitting Economies? Answer: Introducation: We look at the data given in the spreadsheet to arrive at a few conclusions on the market structure in which DermaPlus sells, and the corresponding level of sales that can maximize profits for it. We look into the relation between costs, profits and output. We use the words - output and sales alternately here as we are told that, it can sell as much of the cream as it likes at the prevailing market price. So whatever will be produced as OUTPUT can be sold as part of SALES. Major Issues: We have two main issues here. The first is to ascertain the output level that maximizes profits for Medalin from DermaPlus. This will involve estimation of the cost curves and arriving at the total costs of producing DermaPlus. The second issue is to determine an estimate of the output for the next 12 months. The exercises in these two issue range from estimation of costs curves using regression, analyzing the market structure, applying the rule of profit maximizing and calculation of expected profits. Analysis Note that Medalin operates in a perfectly competitive structure, so that it has to take only output decisions. Price determination is not in its hands. The rest of the report is based on this assumption. Profit Maximizing Average Daily Production Capacity Profits can be defined as the difference between revenues or total revenues (TR) and total costs. These costs include variable and fixed costs, both of which are explicit costs. Implicit costs are excluded here. Profit maximization is given at an equilibrium point, where this difference is maximum. We show this graphically in figure 1 below. The red vertical line is profits. The output corresponding to this profit level is Q*- called the equilibrium or profit maximizing level of output. we can do this another way using mathematical tools. since both depend on output level (Q), we can write R as a function of Q. this is seen in the diagram above where Q is on the X axis. Denote total revenue by R(Q) and total cost by C(Q), so that profits equal = R(Q) C(Q) using rules of maximization, when d/dQ = 0, we get the point of maximization. taking first order derivatives, R(Q) C(Q) = 0 or R(Q) = C(Q) Where R(Q) is Marginal revenue (MR) and C(Q) is Marginal cost (MC). SO MR=MC is the condition for equilibrium. this assumes that Medalin is a rational firm that seeks to maximize profits. the second order condition for maximization tells us that at the point of first order condition MC must be rising. Both these conditions are shown in figure2, which uses MR and MC curves instead of TR and TC. We can see that at E the MC is rising. MR is horizontal, as we are operating in a perfectly competition scenario. The extra revenue from selling an additional unit remains equal to P (price) . This price is not in control of Medalin. It is based on industry demand and supply. Now we need two things - MR and MC Determination Of Mc Lets look at MC first. We use the estimated AVC equation: AVC = 82.14418-0.41197Q+0.000711Q2 We calculate Total variable cost (TVC) where TVC = AVC*Q. TVC = 82.14418Q-0.41197Q2+0.000711Q3 Marginal cost (MC) = dTVC/dQ = 82.14418 - 0.82393Q+0.002132Q2 DETERMINATION OF MR we need price which is same as MR here. It is given that there are 5% chances that price will be $50 per unit, 20% chances that price will be $100 per unit, and a 75% chance that price will be $150 per unit. Since MR=P in perfect competition, we can conclude that probability of price being $50 is 0.05, probability of price being $100 is 0.2, probability of price being $150 is 0.75. We now use these three prices to calculate equilibrium level of output that maximizes profits. In each case we equate MC with P. Case 1: P= 50 82.14418 - 0.82393Q+0.002132Q2 = 50, on solving this we get Q = 342 approx. Case 2: P= 100 Now 82.14418 - 0.82393Q+0.002132Q2 = 100, solving this gives Q = 407 approx. Case 3 P=150 82.14418 - 0.82393Q+0.002132Q2 = 150, and Q = 457 approx. Probability Price(P) OPTIMAL Q Profit = TR- TVC- TFC 0.05 50 342 27762.31473 0.2 100 407 51925.26368 0.75 150 456 77565.07156 As price is uncertain we have uncertain profits. At best we can get an estimate of expected profits, which is a weighted average of the profits calculated, where the weights are the probabilities of each level of profits. expected daily profit = (0.05*27762.31473)+(0.2*51925.26368)+(0.75*77565.07156)= $69946.97214. Estimated Average Daily Production For Future As shown above, we cannot be sure of an optimal profit level, as the price is uncertain. Lack of certainty on price makes profits uncertain as profits are based on revenues derived from price levels. When we talk of the future, there is more uncertainty as we cant account for unexpected changes in the industry. Assuming away such events and the consequent effects on prices, we have to assume some price to calculate the estimates for future production. Out of the three possibilities given the most likely is P= 150 as it has highest probability of 75%. if we assume that this price will remain over next 12 months then the best daily production capacity is Q= 456. Report Summary Recommendations Using the data given by Shawn, we have shown that a few assumptions lead us to 3 possible scenarios. These assumptions include profit maximization for Medalin as a firm and a perfectly competitive structure for the market in which it sells DermaPlus. Once we assume these, we can calculate optimal output levels. The expected profits are also uncertain as rice is uncertain. Being risk neutral we can choose the price which highest possibility to plan the future production levels. This comes out to be $150 as price and $69947 as profits. As a strategy for the future, the government must be lobbied for fixing a high price. it has been shown that higher price lead to higher revenues, and higher profits. This relation between price and profits implies that revenues rise more than costs as output in increased in response to higher price. This can be possibly due to Medalin benefitting from economies of scale. References Bus 101: Introduction to Business. (n.d.). Retrieved Oct 2, 2017, from Learn.saylor.org: https://learn.saylor.org/mod/page/view.php?id=8871 Cost concepts. (n.d.). Retrieved Oct 8, 2017, from Pitt.edu: https://www.pitt.edu/~upjecon/MCG/MICRO/COST/Costs.html Costs. (n.d.). Retrieved Oct 7, 2017, from Tutor2u.net: https://www.tutor2u.net/economics/topics/costs MR=MC rule. (n.d.). Retrieved Oct 2, 2017, from Courseera.org: https://www.coursera.org/learn/principles-of-microeconomics/lecture/zKD8R/pricing-and-production-rules-p-mr-mc-the-shutdown-rule Perfect Comnpetition in the Long run. (n.d.). Retrieved Oct 5, 2017, from Open.lib.umn.edu: https://open.lib.umn.edu/principleseconomics/chapter/9-3-perfect-competition-in-the-long-run/ perfect competition. (n.d.). Retrieved Oct 2, 2017, from Staffwww.fullcoll.edu: https://staffwww.fullcoll.edu/fchan/Micro/4perfect_competition.htm Regression analysis. (n.d.). Retrieved Oct 6, 2017, from Home.iitk.ac.in: https://home.iitk.ac.in/~shalab/regression/Chapter2-Regression-SimpleLinearRegressionAnalysis.pdf